This is a stylized version of a radiolarian protozoan. Ernst Haeckel, the German biologist (1834-1919) did a famous series of drawings in his book Kunstformen der Natur (Artforms of nature) (1904).
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur
Among these illustrations are some beautiful microscopic protozoans, the inspiration for this design.